Risks of selected congenital malformations among offspring of mixed race-ethnicity

1. Juan Yang,
2. Suzan L. Carmichael,
3. Zhanna Kaidarova,
4. Gary M. Shaw

Article first published online: 20 AUG 2004

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdra.20054/abstract

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the occurrence of specific congenital malformations among offspring of mixed race-ethnicity.

METHODS

Using data from a population-based registry, we explored the occurrence of selected malformation phenotypes in offspring to parents who were of different race-ethnicity. Data were derived from the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, a population-based active surveillance system for collecting information on infants and fetuses with congenital malformations using multiple source ascertainment. Approximately 2.6 million live births and stillbirths occurred during 1989–2000. Information on parental race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, black, and Asian) was obtained from birth certificates and fetal death files. Malformation phenotypes studied were spina bifida, anencephaly, cleft lip, cleft palate, tetralogy of Fallot, d-transposition of great arteries, hypospadias, small intestinal atresia, preaxial polydactyly, microtia, and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

RESULTS

A total of 11.2% of births were to parents of mixed race-ethnicity. Compared to births of parents who were both white, moderately increased risks (risk ratio ≥ 1.7) of anencephaly, polydactyly, and microtia, and decreased risks (risk ratio ≤ 0.6) of hypospadias and hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were observed among births of several mixed race-ethnicity groups. For anencephaly, polydactyly, and microtia, but not other phenotypes, the risks were different depending on whether maternal versus paternal race-ethnicity was considered. Risks observed between births of a nonwhite parent and a white parent and births of parents who were both nonwhite were similar for most malformation phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

Some malformation phenotypes appear to vary in their risk base.d on
mixed racial-ethnic groupings.

So ATC Says - Why take the chance? Why gamble with your children's health and make them suffer just so as to allow yourself to selfishly pacify some self-serving notion of purging racial prejudice through the act of race mixing. What future are you giving your child but that of isolation, cultural confusion in their own search for a cultural identity of their own not to mention any medical consequences that may come about... Race mixing = cultural anihilation. Preserve your heritage , your race and the integrity of your family line. Do not taint the blood, keep it pure and your honor the security of your future progenny and there's to come.

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